Along your Tableau journey, you might have come across some confusing acronyms that Tableau uses. Here's a quick cheat sheet:
An XML document which contains all the information about your sheets, dashboards and stories
A package of compressed files, including a data source file, TWB and any other files used to create the workbook
A file format for compressed data sources
An XML document that has the metadata about your data source. Holds defaults for fields (color, aggregation, format), calculated field logic, etc.
All of the attributes of a TDE but with the metadata from the TDS on top of it.
The Information Lab has a more detailed explanation of the file types and extensions - read more here!